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Indoor Air Quality Monitoring: What Building Managers Need to Know in 2025

Post-pandemic awareness has made indoor air quality a priority. Learn what to measure, how to interpret data, and how IoT sensors help maintain healthy, productive indoor environments.
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
Published at
By Nishchayjeet Singh

The air inside your building matters more than ever

People spend 90% of their time indoors. The quality of that indoor air directly impacts health, cognitive performance, and productivity.

After COVID-19, building occupants expect transparency about the air they breathe. Smart building managers are responding with continuous IAQ monitoring.

What to Measure

Effective indoor air quality monitoring tracks several key parameters:

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

Why it matters: CO2 is the best indicator of ventilation effectiveness. High CO2 means stale air and inadequate fresh air exchange.

Target levels:

  • Outdoor air: ~420 ppm
  • Good indoor: <800 ppm
  • Acceptable: 800-1000 ppm
  • Poor: >1000 ppm
  • Unacceptable: >1500 ppm

Impact: Studies show cognitive performance drops 15-50% as CO2 rises from 600 to 1400 ppm.

PM2.5 (Fine Particulate Matter)

Why it matters: Tiny particles that penetrate deep into lungs. Sources include outdoor pollution, cooking, printers, and cleaning activities.

Target levels:

  • Excellent: <12 μg/m³
  • Good: 12-35 μg/m³
  • Moderate: 35-55 μg/m³
  • Unhealthy: >55 μg/m³

Impact: Long-term exposure linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Short-term exposure causes irritation and reduced performance.

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

Why it matters: Off-gassing from furniture, cleaning products, paints, and building materials. Many are irritants or carcinogens.

Target levels:

  • Excellent: <0.2 mg/m³
  • Good: 0.2-0.5 mg/m³
  • Moderate: 0.5-1.0 mg/m³
  • Poor: >1.0 mg/m³

Impact: Causes "sick building syndrome" symptoms — headaches, fatigue, eye irritation.

Temperature and Humidity

Why it matters: Comfort affects productivity. Humidity extremes promote mold (high) or viral transmission (low).

Target levels:

  • Temperature: 20-24°C (68-75°F)
  • Humidity: 40-60% RH

Impact: Every degree outside comfort range reduces productivity by approximately 2%.

The Business Case for IAQ Monitoring

Productivity Gains

Harvard research found that employees in well-ventilated buildings with low CO2 and VOCs scored:

  • 61% higher on cognitive function tests
  • Significantly fewer sick days
  • Higher reported job satisfaction

For a 100-person office, even a 5% productivity improvement represents tens of thousands in annual value.

Health and Liability

Buildings with documented IAQ monitoring and response procedures:

  • Reduce liability exposure for air quality complaints
  • Demonstrate duty of care to occupants
  • Meet increasing regulatory requirements
  • Support occupant health and wellness programs

Tenant Attraction and Retention

In competitive real estate markets:

  • IAQ transparency differentiates properties
  • WELL and Fitwel certifications increasingly valued
  • Corporate tenants prioritize healthy buildings
  • Premium rents justified by demonstrated quality

Implementation Approach

Sensor Placement

Typical density: One sensor per 2,000-5,000 sq ft, or per distinct zone

Priority locations:

  • Conference rooms (high occupancy variation)
  • Open office areas
  • Reception and common spaces
  • Near HVAC supply and return
  • Areas with known air quality concerns

Data Interpretation

Effective IAQ programs require:

  1. Baselines: Understand normal patterns before reacting
  2. Context: Correlate with occupancy, weather, activities
  3. Trends: Track improvement or degradation over time
  4. Comparisons: Benchmark across zones and buildings

Response Procedures

Monitoring without response is useless. Define actions for:

  • CO2 spikes: Increase ventilation, check dampers
  • PM2.5 elevation: Check filters, identify sources
  • VOC events: Identify source, increase ventilation
  • Humidity extremes: Adjust humidification/dehumidification

Technology Options

Sensor Types

Basic: CO2, temperature, humidity

  • Cost: $100-300 per sensor
  • Use case: General ventilation monitoring

Advanced: Add PM2.5, VOCs, formaldehyde

  • Cost: $300-800 per sensor
  • Use case: Comprehensive IAQ programs

Premium: Laboratory-grade accuracy, additional pollutants

  • Cost: $1,000+ per sensor
  • Use case: Critical environments, research

Connectivity

  • WiFi: Easy deployment where infrastructure exists
  • LoRaWAN: Battery-powered, long range, low maintenance
  • Cellular: Remote locations without network access

Display Options

  • Dashboard only: For facility managers
  • Public displays: Lobby screens showing real-time IAQ
  • Occupant apps: Personal access to zone IAQ data

Getting Started

  1. Start small: Deploy sensors in 3-5 representative zones
  2. Establish baselines: Collect 2-4 weeks of data before drawing conclusions
  3. Correlate with HVAC: Understand how ventilation affects readings
  4. Define thresholds: Set alerts for actionable conditions
  5. Communicate: Share appropriate data with occupants
  6. Expand: Scale to full building coverage based on learnings

Breathe Easy

Our indoor air quality monitoring solutions provide the visibility and insights you need to maintain healthy, productive indoor environments.

Contact Us | IAQ Solutions | Request a Demo

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